The Effects Of Bottled Water On Drinking Water - 1115 Words

1. Why I selected This product Category I have always found it sort of curious when I see people buying bottled water. My grandfather told me that when he was a boy they drank water from the hose and it was free. I know growing up our household certainly didn’t bother with things like that, so facet water is what we got as well. The costs of groceries these days is expensive, spending extra money on water always seemed like such a waste to me. Now, that being said, some people live in areas where the water isn’t very clean, and buying bottled water is much safer than drinking the city’s water. Also, bottled water has become more popular because it is paired as a service; Bottled water is easy to grab on the go. It takes more time to find a water bottle, with a lid, and fill it up than to grab an already bottled water. 2. The Good Position†¦ the least expensive choice I selected â€Å"Schnucks Purified Drinking Water† as the low cost example. It is the store brand, and costs about $ 2.88. The water is packaged in plastic water bottles, and comes 24 bottles to a package (containing 16.9 FL OZ per bottle). Then it is encased in plastic wrapping, and placed closest to the floor. This brand is the cheapest because it is purified water versus like spring water. Many times people view spring water as more natural, and therefore it’s more expensive. The main reason behind this brand being the cheapest is because it is the store brand. Typically, people who buy â€Å"Schnucks Purified DrinkingShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Drinking Bottled Water Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many benefits of drinking bottled water, but these benefits do not outweigh the costs. Drinking bottled water can have many negative effects on human health, and can be very harmful to the environment. Over the past ten years, the bottled water market has tripl ed. Every year the market grows ten percent from the previous year. Because the market is continuously growing, the amount of negative impacts of bottled water are also growing. Bottled water has been linked to health defects, illnessesRead MoreThe Effects Of Bottled Water On Human Being s Health And The Natural Environment1677 Words   |  7 PagesBottled water is one of products popularly consumed back to a few decades. Result from the production of bottled water, people likely prefer to drink bottled water than tap water while some researches find out the fact that water in bottle are not as safe as water provided by state companies. Why people choose to drink bottled water and whether bottled water is pure as advertisement are the crucial concerns, together with the effect of bottled water on human being’s health and the natural environmentRead MoreBottled Water Vs. Tap Water1421 Words   |  6 PagesBOTTLED WATER VERSUS TAP Purer Water or Pure Hype? Seventy percent of the human body is comprised of water. This makes drinking water quality vital. The EPA estimates the average adult consumes 1.2 liters daily or 115 gallons of community (tap) water daily while the average consumption of bottled water per capita in the U.S. is in excess of 30.8 gallons per year and is expected to continue to increase according to the International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) and the Beverage MarketingRead MoreBottled Water And Water Treatment Process Levels Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesFirst, water is an important resource for consumers and the environment. Water is needed in the body to maintain health and the body’s mechanism. â€Å"People cannot survive without water resources in their everyday lives, which cost, taste, or health factors the cause for choice and how water consumption affects people and the environment† (Mythri, Chandu, Prashant, Subba, 2010, p. 515). The challenge is understanding the risk of drinking wate r, from either bottled water or tap water, and the adverseRead MoreBottled Water : A Beneficial Aspect962 Words   |  4 PagesBottled Water can be a beneficial aspect in many scenarios. However, there are multiple disadvantages to bottled water. Critics of tap water say bottled water is better than tap water due to purity, critics also say bottled water tastes better than tap water. Nevertheless, tap water has many economic and environmental benefits compared to bottled water. The benefits of tap water needs consideration when deciding which source of water is better. In addition, by determining whether tap water or bottledRead MoreThe Choice Of Bottled Water Over Tap Water Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesChoice of Bottled Water over Tap Water First, water is an important resource for consumers and the environment. The body needs water to maintain health and the body’s mechanism to work properly. â€Å"People cannot survive without water resources in their everyday lives, which cost, taste, or health factors the cause for choice and how water consumption affects people and the environment† (Mythri, Chandu, Prashant, Subba, 2010, p. 515). The challenge is understanding the risk of drinking water, from eitherRead MoreDrinking Bottled Water Is Not Good For The Environment1006 Words   |  5 Pageson buying bottled water. What they don t know is the difference between bottled and tap water. People buy bottled water because they think it s safer to drink. What they don’t know is that bottled water is bad for the environment. Bottled water manufacturers begin by putting the water into plastic bottles which then is shipped from one part of the world to another and then kept refrigerated before they sell it . Not only that, but people around the world are lacking safe drinkable water and are dyingRead MoreBottled Water And Its Effects On The Human Body1446 Words   |  6 Pagesbottle of water, not thinking about the effects it can have on many aspects of their life and others. Bottled water may seem innocent but it needs to be treated with extreme care and caution. Even though bottled water may seem safe, it could contain many toxins. By drinking from a plastic water bottle, people should consider if it is really worth the cost of paying for the actual bottle itself. People should also consider the long term effects it can have on the earth as well as the effects it can haveRead MoreTap Water Vs Bottled Water957 Words   |  4 PagesTap water vs bottled water. One of the most significant resources in our life is water. However, when it comes to drinking water, people should be careful on choosing whether the water they are drinking is pure and healthy for them or not. People can make their own choice to drink a tap water or bottled water. Most people believe that bottled water is healthier than drinking tap water. However, they should take a look at the adverse effects of bottled water before they consume it. BottleRead MoreBottled Water And Its Effect On Our Society877 Words   |  4 Pagessafe and reliable means of drinking water. This was a tragic incident for the environment as well as the world’s citizens. While thousands of North Americans desire for bottle water increased, this gave corporations the opportunity to swoop in and save the day, and of course make a profit. This dawned the era of bottled water. Corporations began selling pre bottled â€Å"safe† water for the public to drink. People then began to get hooked on the convenience of bottled water, and lost faith in their government’s

Essay on Standardized Testing Is Counterproductive

Excessive testing has been integrated in the public school system to measure student intelligence, observe teacher proficiency, and distribute federal funds since the passage of the No Child Left behind Act (NCLBA) of 2001. The (NCLBA) ‘‘called for 100% of the nation’s public school students to become proficient in mathematics and reading by 2014’’ through the usage of standardized testing (Hanson 3). Since the inception of this policy there have been numerous issues involved in these tests. ‘‘Instead of providing equal access for all children, the frenetic use of mandated testing in schools and in teacher education is having the opposite effect’’ (Richardson 34). Standardized testing is an ineffective and outdated tool that creates a†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬Ëœin any large scale testing system, three kinds of errors are possible: errors of test construction (items with more than one correct response), error s of scoring (items marked wrong when they are right), and errors of reporting (reporting that 50 percent of students passed when actually 75 percent did)’’ (Nichols 143). A manmade test is susceptible to typos and other obstructions. Since they are scored by machines, errors and malfunctions can occur. Testing plays an important in student’s academic futures and needs to provide completely accurate information. Proponents in favor of standardized testing believe it is effective. ‘‘There is a fundamental assumption that test taking is a singular experience for students’’ (Ryan 5). Those in favor of it argue standardized testing is equally pushed onto every school in every state. In addition, that everyone has equal time to prepare for the tests. Therefor everyone is subjected to the same rules and regulations creating uniform equality. Other arguments in favor of testing state that tests provide information that helps improve schools. The scores from tests show what areas a student needs the most help in. Test results can show if a school needs to alter its teaching program. The strenuous environments prepare students for higher education, simultaneously forcing students to learn a wide array of material. Finally, that they strengthen a student’s work ethic and it preparesShow MoreRelatedThe New York City Department Of Education992 Words   |  4 Pagesfor students in the city’s struggling schools† (â€Å"Standardized Testing Is Counterproductive, Corrosive and Corrupting†). Several studies have detailed the damage and disruption the city’s closure policy had on struggling schools in high-need populations with significant academic challenges (Fruchter). Bloomberg’s education policies were guided by The No Child Left Behind law, which required standardized test-based school reform including annual testing, greater flexibility for states and increased teacherRead MoreEssay On The Standards Within Society1233 Words   |  5 Pagesstandards, change our expectations, and face the realities of the various problems. Nationalization of the system would allow for a federal set of standards for all public schools so that we can properly interpret the information we gather from standardized tests. We need to change the expectations we have for students and accept that not everyone does not have the same level o f intelligence and accommodate those differences. We need to also have better expectations for teachers, and in doing so reconsiderRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing794 Words   |  4 Pageswhy school testing should happen more frequently and why parents and teachers should be less fearful of standardized tests. For educators and parents, testing means standardized testing: a tool wielded by politicians and administrators to terrify children and teachers. When cognitive psychologists hear the word testing, they think immediately of the testing effect — one of the best learning strategies. In this quote, the authors make a separation between testing and standardized testing. They bringRead MoreEssay on The Correlation Between Homework and Academic Success 1524 Words   |  7 PagesAmple research has been done on the correlation between homework and academic success with many opposing views. Research has shown that homework can be linked to better grades, imp roved standardized test scores, and more prepared students entering the post-secondary arena; however, this correlation is weak and the opposition has equal ammunition to support that there is no correlation between homework and academic success. There have been movements to abolish homework as well as movements to increaseRead MoreStandardized Testing Is Not As Harmless1394 Words   |  6 Pages but they often only make it worse as they add to the ever increasing stress load of the impending doom of standardized testing. Standardized Testing is not as harmless as it seems. It often affects students on a mental level, making them extremely nervous, then breaking them down on a mental level. It also hurts the teachers in many ways, including temptation to cheat. Standardized testing is at a new high in America and is said to benefit students in many ways, including raising intelligence, howeverRead More The Controversy of Standardized Testing Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesThe Con troversy of Standardized Testing â€Å"No issue in the U.S. Education is more controversial than (standardized) testing. Some people view it as the linchpin of serious reform and improvement, others as a menace to quality teaching and learning† (Phelps). A tool that educators use to learn about students and their learning capabilities is the standardized test. Standardized tests are designed to give a common measure of a student’s performance. Popular tests include the SAT, IQ tests, RegentsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Standardized Testing1316 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves through five hours of gruelling testing. All of this nightmarish workload is completed just for the opportunity to attend a college of some recognition and ultimately gain a job in the workforce.   Ã‚  Ã‚   I think it can be agreed by all students that nobody enjoys the ludicrous amount of extra studying that is brought with these tests. It is only an added stress on an already tumultuous time of a young person’s life, and the modification of the standardized test should be seen as an important chapterRead MoreCase Study 3 Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Nikki Hoffman-Schepers Language and Standardized Testing In todays society, we continually see an influx in immigrants on an annual basis. The majority of these immigrant students are subsequently placed in English as a Second Language (ESL) courses due to their low skill level in the English language. Have ESL students in the classroom certainly raises more questions than it does answers, as teachers are faced with various new situations in helping ESL students better understand not only theRead MoreClassroom Makeover, By Cathy Davidson Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesand advanced. While the gifted and talented students are applauded for their intellectual capabilities and natural talents, other students are labeled as average or less skilled. Placement into these programs are rooted from the results of standardized testing, which students and teachers spend a great amount of time preparing for. Preparation for these exams alter the curriculum and objective for learning all together. Some education systems seem to focus more on teaching to test rather than teachingRead MoreThe Adaptable and Progressive Nation of the United States935 Words   |  4 Pagesthe other areas of the country has progressed. In fact, it has contradicted any sense of adaptability and progression, instead it has regressed. Testing as means of evaluation, from the first intelligent quotient to the stress of todays ACT, has been on a major upswing. The emphasis on measuring students mostly, almost exclusively, through testing cripples students and the country as a whole. Most, if not all, politicians run stating I am for education. However, that slogan can be translated

Alcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Is A Big Part Of The Society...

Alcohol has been a big part of the society. It is how people socialize whether they are a business meeting, a party, a bar, and many more places and events. They tend to consume alcohol without knowing and questioning how much they have had. A huge amount of the population have not asked themselves this question, â€Å"Do I know what a standard drink is?† According to National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism’s (NIAAA) booklet Rethinking Drinking, â€Å"Many people are surprised to learn what counts as a drink.† It is really scary to hear that fact because in theory, people are supposed to be educated about it, but in reality, very few people are actually aware. The question is answered in CSUN’s video Not Anymore and the Rethinking Drinking as follows, â€Å"A standard drink is any drink that contains around half an ounce to 0.6 ounce pure alcohol. It is equivalent in twelve ounces of a beer bottle, four ounces of a glass of wine, or one and a h alf ounces of shot of eighty proof liquor.† That is a safe limit a person should drink in order to avoid getting drunk. With that being said, when someone has drunk over that limit, what are the consequences that go with it? The explanations will give clearer understandings to why some characters act the way they acted in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. The book is about an Indian teenager, Junior, who has disabilities and tries escaping poverty to have a better life. Along his journey, he encounters several tragediesShow MoreRelated Drugs and Alcohol Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pages Drugs and Alcohol For nearly 85 years, the government has prohibited pscychoactive drugs. American leaders attempted to do the same to alcohol with Prohibition in the 1920?s. In any society, drug use plays a part in the people?s culture. Whether it be a native taking hallucinogens for a religious ceremony, a destitute alcoholic drinking on a city street, or a group of teenagers smoking marijuana, drugs and alcohol have the same effects in any culture. The question of ?why do people use drugs? hasRead MoreAlcoholism: An Enemy of the Abandon Essay1034 Words   |  5 Pagesliquid, known as â€Å"Alcohol† has destroyed many lives. For instance, Sherman Alexie, a Native American writer, experiences many sorrows from alcohol. He writes about the sufferings he experienced in his fiction novel, â€Å"The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-time Indian† and talks about the struggle in his interviews. In addition to Alexie’s stories, Diane Sawyer, a reporter, investigates a Native American tr ibe and discovers that alcohol abuse is common in the reservation. Alcoholism is portray as anRead MoreAlcoholism : Is Alcoholism A Disease?929 Words   |  4 PagesAlcoholism has raised many debates over the truth of its nature. Many scholars argue that alcoholism can be treated as a disease. Such approach to defining alcoholism means denying that alcohol abusers own a choice. In consequence, the treatment related differs and may or may not actually help alcoholics recover. A wrong diagnostic of this addiction can lead to serious health issues; therefore, it is vital to answer the following question: Is alcoholism a disease? Most experts in this field criticisesRead MoreAlcohol As A Dangerous Deadly Weapon1677 Words   |  7 Pagesamendment, which banned all alcohol from being manufactured, transported, and sold in the United States. But it is ironic how the prohibition just brought in more of what it was trying to outlaw. The American citizens of course did not like this law so they eventually opened more bars and kept drinking illegally. Even going back to indigenous roots of Latino/Hispanics, alcohol has been a huge component to celebrations, traditions and social upbringings. The use of alcohol can be seen as one of theRead MoreEssay on Alcoholism In The 21st Century1687 Words   |  7 Pages Alcoholism in the 21st Century nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The dictionary describes alcoholism as continued excessive or compulsive use of alcoholic drinks. However, this disease is much more complex. Alcohol abuse is a growing problem in the United States today, causing more and more deaths each year. It affects nearly everyone in the U.S. today, either directly or indirectly. Over half of Americans have at least one close relative that has a drinking problem. About 20 million people in the UnitedRead MoreAlcoholism in the 21st Century1743 Words   |  7 PagesAlcoholism in the 21st Century The dictionary describes alcoholism as continued excessive or compulsive use of alcoholic drinks. However, this disease is much more complex. Alcohol abuse is a growing problem in the United States today, causing more and more deaths each year. It affects nearly everyone in the U.S. today, either directly or indirectly. Over half of Americans have at least one close relative that has a drinking problem. About 20 million people in the United States abuse alcoholRead MoreAlcohol And Drug Abuse Are Not New Themes1525 Words   |  7 Pagesand Alcohol Abuse Treatment Stepheno Diaz Institutional Affiliation: Florida Institute of Technology EHC1103 | Section 2: Medical Ethics February 15, 2015 Abstract Alcohol and Drug abuse are not new themes. â€Å"Alcohol is such a big part of American life today that we rarely stop to consider our pattern of drinking. We drink wine with dinner, or have a few drinks after work, or even a few beers while watching a ball game, but when a pattern of drinking begins to emerge, it can become a problem†(SubstanceRead More Alcoholism Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pages Alcoholism, or alcohol dependence, is a chronic disease, which is common in our world today. In the United States, 1 in every 13 adults is either an abuser of alcohol or an alcoholic. This disease includes a craving from the victim in spite of any problems or consequences, which they may have or have had. Consequences of this disease are often very severe; for example, job problems frequently arise. In addition to serious job dilemmas, victims of this disease often get into mischief with the lawRead MoreA Reflection On Substance Abuse Essay1113 Words   |  5 PagesMy reflection paper is on the subject of substance abuse. As the structure of society changes, the acceptability of one drug or another changes. I have dealt with my own experiences of substance abuse personally and through family and friends throughout my community. I believe there are many underlying problems Native people face today that lead to substance abuse. So, drug use and alcoholism is not the problem in my town, those are more like side effects of something deeper. I would have toRead MorePreventative Measures of Alcohol Consumption in Kazakhstan1278 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent years Kazakhstani society has identified the increase of levels of alcohol consumption as a major problem, along with corruption, poverty, unemployment, and epidemic illnesses. Current levels of alcohol consumption would seem to be high enough to place Kazakhstan amongst the heaviest spirits-drinking countries in the world, although not high enough for the top place. Many of Kazakhstani social, demographic and health problems are attributable to the misuse of alcohol. According to Davis, this

Psychological Issues on Professional Sports - 606 Words

Psychology of sports is new field of professional experiencing immense pains (Maher, 47). The article discusses the issues of psychology in professional sport. It highlights on what entails psychological issues in sports, causes of such psychological challenges, remedy and how to deal with such challenges. Real life examples and cases are highlighted to support the topic. Exercise and sports psychology discovers the relation between optimal performance and psychological factors. Psychology of sports is gradually becoming essential aspect of the general care of patient’s psychological rehabilitation and sports medicine. Skills of mental training are an issue of interest in physical medicine practicing and professional rehabilitation in the treatment of patients. Professional in physical medicine should be able to identify what performance psychology or sport psychology signifies within the pattern of psychological mediations (Orlick, 147). Psychologists of sports assist amateur and professional athletes to overcome mental problems improve their performance and attain their desired dreams and goals. Most generally coaches concentrate on the physical sports side, whereas psychologists of sports concentrate of the mind of the athlete. Athletes would seek the assistance of sports psychologists or any other exercise and professional of sports psychology when they get a problem (Maher, 53). There are various reasons that can lead to the mental imbalance of the athlete whichShow MoreRelatedDifferent Disciplines Of Sports And Exercise Essay1465 Words   |  6 PagesDifferent disciplines are kept in check b y different governing bodies. These governing bodies make sure practitioners are correct in practice and state what they can and cannot do. There are many different disciplines within sport and exercise science and they all have different approaches to improve sporting performance and health. Governing body’s reason for existence is to set out policies and rules within an institution to make sure practitioners are morally ethically and legally correct. GoverningRead MoreEssay on Professional Sports - Injured Athletes and Early Retirement1613 Words   |  7 PagesInjured Athletes and Early Retirement       The rise to become a professional athlete requires passion, dedication and years of preparation. To play a sport at such a high competitive level and intensity the athlete must be in excellent physical and mental health. Athletes of Magic Johnsons and Bo Jacksons caliber had the dedication and determination to be the best. The negative feelings the athlete endures after injury or illness is overwhelming and can lead to early retirement, but ifRead More The pressures between youth and its sports programs Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pages The Pressures Between Youth and Its Sports Programs nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Over the last two decades the growth of youth sports has reflected the popularity of professional sports in our society. Sporting events and news are available to the public twenty-four hours a day on television and radio: sports is an enormous industry. The outstanding popularity of the sports industry has greatly affected youth sports organizations. In order to supervise, teach andRead MoreCause And Effect Of Fantasy Sports On Fans And Professional Sports951 Words   |  4 PagesCause and Effect of Fantasy Sports on Fans and Professional Sports Fantasy sports are a popular activity in the contemporary world today. More than 32 million people across the world are participating in this activity. In 2009, it was estimated that 27 million people living in North America participated in this popular sporting activity. In this sport, the competition among individual participants is based on an online environment. Further, this activity has grown into a pop-culture (Howie Luke,Read MorePsychology : Psychology And Social Psychology1398 Words   |  6 Pageseasily broken down into two main categories: experimental psychology and social psychology. These two categories of psychology can be broken down further into many subcategories such as the following: clinical psychology, forensic psychology, and sports psychology. Both of these broad categories, nevertheless, share the same end goal, which is to understand the human mind and its functions. Psychology defined in the Merriam-Webster dictionary is: â€Å"The science of mind and be havior; the mental or behavioralRead MoreEssay about Steroids in Professional Sports976 Words   |  4 PagesSteroids in Professional Sports Sports is one of the most popular forms of entertainment we have today. Whether it’s football, basketball, soccer, baseball, etc., fans are willing to pay ridiculous amounts of money in order to watch sports. There are few issues in the world of sports. But there is one issue that stands out, steroids. Although steroids may increase strength, stamina and athleticism, they are incredibly harmful to your body and should never be used. Still, some athletes persist inRead MoreDomestic Violence Is A Coercive Behavior That Involves1184 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic Violence is a coercive behavior that involves a physical, psychological or sexual attack perpetrated by individuals against their partner or former partner. Examples include physical abuse, for instance, slapping, beating, and strangulation among others. Sexual assault includes threats, forceful sexual acts, and use of physical force. Psychological abuse may involve excessive jealousy, intimidation, harassment or stalki ng among others. In the United States, 20 people are physically abusedRead MoreChildren Need to Play Not Compete Essay1584 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a contradiction in the mind of teenagers which has been difficult to transcend. The issue of making right decision on the activities they are to embark on and whose counsel to follow has been of high importance to teenagers. Teenagers in the present age find themselves in a tight situation with decision making in that their school psychologists made them realise that being happy is based on the ability to make friends and the development of skills. Meanwhile, teachers and parents advisedRead MoreSelf Disclosure : Qualifications, Credentials, And Experience1582 Words   |  7 Pagesthe same cognitive tools taught to elite, professional and Olympic athletes. I’m currently a doctoral student in Sport and Performance Psychology at the University of Western States in Portland, OR and working on my certification as an applied sport psychology consultant. I have a Master’s degree in Aeronautical Science (MAS) from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, FL and a Bachelor’s degree in Aviation Management with a minor in Sport Coaching from Auburn University in AuburnRead MoreThe Importance of Sport and Exercise Psychology Essay1050 Words   |  5 PagesSport and exercise psychology is a mandatory aspect of the sport science discipline. This discipline contributes to the various professional practices associated with physical activities such as - teaching of physical education, recreation and health promotion, and kinesiology related professions - because it plays a mental role for the participants. Sport and exercise psychologists view physical activity in several different ways: physical activity as a tool for health, physical activity as a tool

Understanding Man’s Power Free Essays

In recent years, we have come to understand that relations between men and women are governed by a sexual politics that exists outside individual men’s and women’s needs and choices. It has taken us much longer to recognize that there is a systematic sexual politics of male-male relationships as well. Under patriarchy, men’s relationships with other men cannot help but be shaped and patterned by patriarchal norms, though they are less obvious than the norms governing male-female relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Man’s Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now A society could not have the kinds of power dynamics that exist between women and men in our society without certain kinds of systematic power dynamics operating among men as well. Men do not just happily bond together to oppress women. In addition to hierarchy over women, men create hierarchies and rankings among themselves according to criteria of â€Å"masculinity. † Men at each rank of masculinity compete with each other, with whatever resources they have, for the differential payoffs that patriarchy allows men. Men in different societies choose different grounds on which to rank each other. Many societies use the simple facts of age and physical strength to stratify men. Our society stratifies men according to physical strength and athletic ability in the early years, but later in life focuses on success with women and ability to make money. In our society, one of the most critical rankings among men deriving from patriarchal sexual politics is the division between gay and straight men. This division has powerful negative consequences for gay men and gives straight men privileges. But in addition, this division has a larger symbolic meaning. Our society uses the male heterosexual-homosexual dichotomy as a central symbol for all the rankings of masculinity, for the division on any grounds between males who are â€Å"real men† and have power, and males who are not. Any kind of powerlessness or refusal to compete becomes imbued with imagery of homosexuality. In the men’s movement documentary film Men’s Lives, a high school male who studies modern dance says that others often think he is gay because he is a dancer. When asked why, he gives three reasons: because dancers are â€Å"free and loose,† because they are â€Å"not big like football players,† and because â€Å"you’re not trying to kill anybody. † The patriarchal connection: if you are not trying to kill other men, you must be gay. Another dramatic example of men’s use of homosexual insults as weapons in their power struggle with each other comes from a document which provides one of the richest case studies of the politics of male-male relationships to yet appear: Woodward and Bernstein’s The Final Days. Ehrlichman jokes that Kissinger is queer, Kissinger calls an unnamed colleague a psychopathic homosexual, and Haig jokes that Nixon and Rebozo are having a homosexual relationship. From the highest ranks of male power to the lowest, the gay-straight division is a central symbol of all the forms of ranking and power relationships which men put on each other. MEN S POWER WITH WOMEN The relationships between the patriarchal stratification and competition which men experience with each other, and men’s patriarchal domination of women, are complex. Let us briefly consider several points of interconnection between them. First, women are used as SYMBOLS OF SUCCESS in men’s competition with each other. It is sometimes thought that competition for women is the ultimate source of men’s competition with each other. There is considerable reason, however, to see women not as the ultimate source of male-male competition, but rather as only symbols in a male contest where real roots lie much deeper. Second, women often play a MEDIATING role in the patriarchal struggle among men. Women get together with each other, and provide the social lubrication necessary to smooth over men’s inability to relate to each other non-competitively. A modern myth, James Dickey’s novel Deliverance, portrays what happens when men’s relationships with each other are not mediated by women. According to Heilburn, the central message of Deliverance is that when men get beyond the bounds of civilization, which really means beyond the bounds of the civilizing effects of women, men rape and murder each other. A third function women play in male-male sexual politics is that relationships with women provide men a REFUGE from the dangers and stresses of relating to other males. Traditional relationships with women have provided men a safe place in which they can recuperate from the stresses they have absorbed in their daily struggle with other men, and in which they can express their needs without fearing that these needs will be used against them. If women begin to compete with men and have power in their own right, men are threatened by the loss of this refuge. Finally, a fourth function of women n males’ patriarchal competition with each other is to reduce the stress of competition by serving as an UNDERCLASS. As Elizabeth Janeway has written in Between Myth and Morning, under patriarchy women represent the lowest status, a status to which men can fall only under the most exceptional circumstances, if at all. Competition among men is serious, but its intensity is mitigated by the f act that there is a lowest possible level to which men cannot fall. One reason men fear women’s liberation, writes Janeway, is that the liberation of women will take away this unique underclass status of women. Men will now risk falling lower than ever before, into a new underclass composed of the weak of both sexes. Thus, women’s liberation means that the stakes of patriarchal failure for men are higher than they have been before, and that it is even more important for men not to lose. Thus, men’s patriarchal competition with each other makes use of women as symbols of success, as mediators, as refuges, and as an underclass. In each of these roles, women are dominated by men in ways that derive directly from men’s struggle with each other. Men need to deal with the sexual politics of their relationships with each other if they are to deal fully with the sexual politics of their relationships with women. MEN’S POWER IN SOCIETY At one level, men’s social identity is defined by the power they have over women and the power they can compete for against other men. But at another level, most men have very little power over their own lives. How can we understand this paradox? The major demand to which men must accede in contemporary society is that they play their required role in the economy. But this role is not intrinsically satisfying. The social researcher Daniel Yankelovich has suggested that about 80% of U. S. male workers experience their jobs as intrinsically meaningless and onerous. They experience their jobs and themselves as worthwhile only through priding themselves on the hard work and personal sacrifice they are making to be breadwinners for their families. Accepting these hardships reaffirms their role as family providers and therefore as true men. Linking the breadwinner role to masculinity in this way has several consequences for men. Men can get psychological payoffs from their jobs which these jobs never provide in themselves. By training men to accept payment for their work in feelings of masculinity, rather than in feelings of satisfaction, men will not demand that their jobs be made more meaningful. As a result, jobs can be designed for the more important goal of generating profits. Further, the connection between work and masculinity makes men accept unemployment as their personal failing as males, rather than analyze and change the profit-based economy whose inevitable dislocations make them unemployed or unemployable. Men’s jobs are increasingly structured as if men had no direct roles or responsibilities in the family–indeed, as if they did not have families at all. But paradoxically, at the same time that men’s responsibilities in the family are reduced to facilitate more efficient performance of their work role, the increasing dehumanization of work means that jobs give men only the satisfaction of fulfilling the family breadwinner role. The relative privilege that men get from sexism, and more importantly the false consciousness of privilege men get from sexism, play a critical role in reconciling men to their subordination in the larger political economy. This analysis does not imply that men’s sexism will go away if they gain control over their own lives, or that men do not have to deal with their sexism until they gain this control. Rather, the point is that we cannot fully understand men’s sexism or men’s subordination in the larger society unless we understand how deeply they are related. Ultimately, we have to understand that patriarchy has two halves which are intimately related to each other. Patriarchy is a dual system, a system in which men oppress women, and in which men oppress themselves and each other. At one level, challenging one part of patriarchy inherently leads to challenging the other. This is one way to interpret why the idea of women’s liberation led so soon to the idea of men’s liberation, which ultimately means freeing men from the patriarchal sexual dynamics they now experience with each other. But because the patriarchal sexual dynamics of male-male relationships are less obvious than those of male-female relationships, men now face a real danger: while the patriarchal oppression of women may be lessened as a result of the women’s movement, the patriarchal oppression of men may be untouched. The real danger for men posed by the attack that the women’s movement is making on patriarchy is not that this attack will go too far, but that it will not go far enough. Ultimately, men cannot go any further in relating to women as equals How to cite Understanding Man’s Power, Papers

Commonsense Direct & Digital Marketing

Question: Describe about the Commonsense direct digital marketing? Answer: Report introduction The enhancing use of internet and online marketing plus also potential which it brings to hospitality sector has become vital concern of the study which is undertaken here. This study proceeds initially with a concise explanation of several hotels in Australia. Next, the study describes hospitality industry and also explains the current ecology of marketing in this sector plus later it describes the SWOT analysis for the hotels taken into consideration (Bird and Bird, 2007). The study then lastly aims to explain the all facts and details about target market, positioning as well as branding, product, distribution, price and also communication of digital marketing about all the firms taken into consideration in the study. Introduction of each company Marriott hotel- This is a proper four star exclusive hotel plus is a leading hotel in Heathrow location. Marriott is amongst top hotels within 18 other hotels in the location of Heathrow. Because it is a hotel nearby the airport, its vital clients are generally the business guests as well as tourists who visit the place for merely relaxation and spending of their holidays and leisure time. The hotel is located near the Heathrow airport as well as is properly linked to London through Heathrow express roadway. Marriott is located in the Harington Road, UB3 5AN, UK (www.marriott.com, 2015). Tune Hotel, is the ASEANs first no frills chain of hotel which actually follows the Air Asia trade model carry out in hospitality sector carried through a very promising tagline: The hotel carries a tag as 5-stars stay at 1-star Price with charges of rooms starting from RM 9.90 intended for consumers who book rooms in advance via the hotels website (Tunehotels.com, 2015). Grand Hyatt is situated in Melbourne and is located within heart of the city Melbournes. It is based on high fashion as well as fine dining plus is very famous for its lavishness as well as dependable service brilliance. Grand Hyatt of Melbourne actually offers a very wide variety of amenities plus services to gather all the needs for guests who visit the hotel. These comprise of fitness, shopping as well as dining. This hotel even offers a dry-clean service, laundry service, currency exchange, and many more for every of its business needs, then firm also offers a varied range of trade service amenities including printing, internet, fax, video callings, data processing as well as Wi-Fi connections (Hyatt.com, 2015). Hilton- This hotel is situated invery dynamicSouth Wharf Promenade. The hotel actually offers very spectacularview of the city, andan extra relaxed dining as well as drinkingassortments at its bar and restaurant. It also hasa very stylishand safe space for any private event to be organized, and even a very unique meeting offering along with partner named Melbourne Convention plus Exhibition Centre (Group, 2015). Park Central Hotel- This hotel was built during the roaring 20th century, Park Central Hotel is in New York. Today in this hotel the guests are wholeheartedly invited to totally escape self from the busy life of city in change for serenity which awaits these guests at Park Central. The hotel has been recently renovated (Parkcentralny.com, 2015). Overview of the current marketing environment POLITICAL AND LEGAL SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC TECHNOLOGICAL Schengen agreement actually has provided tourists with a new and extra opportunity which is easier to travel from sole country to some other. This agreement also has enhanced the quantity of probable customers for these hotels and the hotels are facing more tough competition from each other. A variety of social elements affects the hotel industry and this includes budding trends within consumer lifestyle, demographic elements, impact of the role models within decision making of consumers, and also populations growth rate. All this intends these hotels to develop both technologically and physically so that more and more accommodation is possible and attainment of better profit is ensured by them. Additional financial factors which affect the hotel industry might include extent of the expected as well as real economic development in UK An in general development and growth of the technological infrastructure is actually related to the hospitality sector and this might have vast impact upon the hotels situated in the location. As per the Schengen agreement intended for USA, Australia, Canada and New Zealand visiting Schengen area in reality has been made possible without any visa, yet there is some time limit for about 90 days.But visitors coming due to this provision stay in the area for longer period and this creates a need for hotels and extra exclusive services. Growing numbers of youthful consumers from budding economies such as China as well as India who visit UK for business and personal reasons also enforces development of hotel technologically and on digital basis. Though above five years have actually passed since international financial as well as economic crisis which was in the year 2007 to 2009, nationwide economy within UK is yet facing a cluster of major challenges plus a danger of some other economic catastrophe might not be far away. Additionally, hotel bookings also have become extra sophisticated as compared to what it was before. Development of various online services and also several catering services and booking through internet has affected this industry vastly. Government at times charges very huge tax from hotels from luxury category and therefore this has vast impact on political alterations thatoccur. regulations are inevitably increasing the levels of operational costs for the company Source: (Bishop, 1998) SWOT HOTEL OPPORTUNITIES THREATS Marriott This hotel can attain great potential within the emerging markets through applying several novel techniques in management of its resources. Innovation within customer services can be made through making customers serve themselves without anyones help Better interiors can be done through renovations and this can be promoted through several digital media This hotel always has a fear of entry of many international brands with strong hold on digital marketing and social media marketing Increasing plethora of several channels also has made it very complex for the hotel to optimize its marketing mixes. The firm thinks only on Channels whereas there are several other sources of digital marketing Tune hotel With an aim to gain competitive market as well as become the market leader within the industry, Tune hotel could try to attract extra customers through improving their real marketing strategy and indulging some digital marketing plans in their tactics effectively towards gaining customers satisfaction as well as their support plus buzz marketing as well. Heavy Competition amongst the competitors is the biggest fear for the tune hotel towards sustaining in market in future. Outsourcing is even being done through digital sources by several firms in the sector and Tune hotel has not yet adopted this trend Grand Hyatt Till date there is not big competitor for this hotel as it is a five star hotel yet the hotel must try to enhance more and more so that it become capable of forever maintaining its position in the market Building of long run relations with the suppliers and marketers the hotel can attain better benefits The revisiting and loyal guests could be sent personalized mails and e-letters through which they can be given special offers and good deals Substitutes can be brought in greatly penetrated in the market through digital marketing. These substitutes can be comparable services as well as standards like resorts, lodges and many more offering lower rates It already is an expensive brand and expanding more on digital services and marketing can increase the ultimate cost for the hotel, rivals can take a chance of such an action Hilton This hotel can try to offer a variety of distinguishing and many dedicated services to high end visitors as well as high rollers like Wedding hosting plus planning Personalized cards Personal event managers The hotel can even try to expand to cruise ship which is something more than merely a hotel and this would float on a river. This type of hotel can be easily promoted via emails and social sites The personalization of peoples choice and enhanced demand of unique experiences may drive the a trend to an independent hotel, therefore bringing in a threat for hotel chains like Hilton Sending mails and personalized messages to the customers for enhancing digitization of the hotel can cost high for the hotel Park Central Developing contacts with online travel agents can have advantage for the hotel towards retaining entrepreneurial mindset of hotel, attached with less overhead costs. Through digital marketing new possibilities intended for hotel can be developed to forge deeper touching bond as well as loyalty with guests. Some trusted brands can be bigger threats even if Park employs any strategy be it digital or anything else Source: (Carvell, 1996), (Wind and Mahajan, 2001) Strategic Analysis Marriott Hotel: Target marketing Product Branding and positioning Price Distribution Digital Marketing Communications The hotel caters to demographic sets of executive and very matured customers The hotel has been serving several nations based on geographic segment like USA, Argentina, Netherland, Thailand and many more The firm also tries to maintain relation with customers who are loyal visitors on the behavioral basis of segmentation Marriott hotels plus resorts JW Marriott hotels and resorts Renaissance hotels TownePlace suites Vacation clubs Marriott International actually is well known like a large situate to work as well as for its promise towards diversity, communal responsibility as well as society engagement. It has constantly been named as Fortunes lists of majority admired firms, and also best places to stay. Marriott also has been built very highly regarded ethnicity that also emphasizes on importance of hotels people plus recognizes value that they bring to firm. Marriotts viewpoint identifies customers expectations on the basis of service quality, though theme is money value intended for accommodation. Marriott actually has very extensive as well as clarifying site on internet. The site carries all the data and information about types of rooms, accommodations, rates and many more Buyers here can purchase through internet as well as travel agencies, intended for purpose of assisting meetings, conferences, plus other business stays. Therefore, buyers purchase while via business week. Source: (Gilbert and Kapur, 1990), (Taylor, 1997) Tune Hotel: Target marketing Product Branding and positioning Price Distribution Digital Marketing Communications The hotels targets security-aware female voyagers with proper assurance of a reception which is staffed with 24*7 services and an also electronically locked and safe entrance. This hotel supplies services that are orientated to idea of no frill. All time available help desk specialized for girls Electronically locked main gates and entrances This hotel has been spreading itself as a safe and secured place for people to stay and specially safe for ladies who are frequent travelers This hotel is considered as market leader when it comes to no-frills budget hotel Tune Hotel has privilege to supply low cost along with welcoming service standard as well as known among every budget traveler. This Hotel runs promotion via advertisement within Air Asia Airline website, and newsletter, as well as newspapers, Tune Hotels marketing is also concentrated upon the sites of social media like Face book plus Twitter. Hotels official website as well as social networking marketing also is used by the hotel. An ongoing taxi promotion push and media planning as well as buying for campaign. Source: (Miller, 2012), (SIGUAW and ENZ, 1999) Grand Hyatt Target marketing Product Branding and positioning Price Distribution Digital Marketing Communications Grand Hyatt is totally focused upon targeting distinct consumer segments which each of its brands serves as well as support needs of hotels through thorough analysis plus application of information and analytics. Hyatt Fast Board Hyatt E-Concierge Hyatt Signature Breakfast Menu Hyatt Express Check-in booth Hyatt Wi-Fi everywhere Hyatt 24/7 Gym Hyatt Grand Bed Hyatts Sales throughout the globe and all its marketing teams struggle to build the brand preference plus also drive profits to its hotels. The sales plus marketing strategies also are rooted within a complete understanding of the customer segments Higher-priced hotels in the major cities as well as destinations for holidays Luxury hotels with premium pricing Electronic channels for distribution are the main contributors to the Hyatt's reservations. The hotel continually works to properly optimize marketing effectiveness and the brand experience as well as booking efficiency for the website for ultimately assisting online purchase procedure and driving the revenue. Source: (Muller, 1989), (Sandler, 1997) Hilton Target marketing Product Branding and positioning Price Distribution Digital Marketing Communications Business persons Families who move for vacations Delegates Professionals Hotels plus Resorts Restaurants Apartment hotels Bars Spa and saloons Smaller shops Laundry services It does not matters if the client is budget-worried or a business traveler otherwise a family coming for vacation all can find facility towards meeting their personage needs in the Hilton. Hiltons full-service skillfully serves the business as well as leisure guests similarly by supplying state-of -art gathering facilities, good-appointed lodging, fine cuisine plus an in general higher benchmark of service. Hilton merely offers a five star plus four star rooms thus is capable of charging its customers a very premium price because beyond core product, the hotel also sells cluster of indefinable benefits like a feeling of achievement, luxury and high status. Hilton enjoys very dedicated promotional group. Advertising plus promotions of the Hilton is completed majorly via internet. Public relations plus publicity also has been provided a vital role to make sure that promotion mix is properly realized. The firms digital marketing is facilitated via broadcast advertisements within much selected channels on television. Source: (O'Connor, 2008), (Ryan and Jones, 2009) Park Central Target marketing Product Branding and positioning Price Distribution Digital Marketing Communications Based on demographic segmentation hotel has targeted youths and professionals The hotel chiefly targets visitors who come for relaxation and spending holidays. The hotel features some interactive actions like internet facilities for customers Even organizes some events for specialized guests High quality restaurants and best quality foods The hotel is positioning itself as extra family oriented and business oriented hotel with great spirit of family as well as fun for children. Parks and spa services and regional restaurants also attract many food lovers and couples as well. The hotel is a luxury brand and charges higher price from its customers. Taxes and charges and VATs are high in the hotel The hotel has its chain all over the globe and all its functions are decentralized. It works as per the culture and social acceptance of the nation where it operates Advertising by this hotel includes TV commercials, and movies as well as celebrity endorsements. Other marketing features fall into the association of the promotion programs along with the partners of travel industry, airline firms, banks and many other big business who can supply appropriate customers to the hotel Source: (Parkcentralny.com, 2015), (Renaghan, 1981) Conclusion: Several theories till date have been brought in to describe what actually online marketing means and also that how the hospitality sector is being affected through development and growth of digital marketing plans and strategies throughout the market. Though all the literatures available cover a varied range of theories, this study has focused upon evaluating role as well as effectiveness of digital marketing within the hospitality industry establishing all the utilizations of online marketing techniques and tools through which both managers as well as hospitality guests are benefited. References Bird, D. and Bird, D. (2007). Commonsense direct digital marketing. London: Kogan Page. Bishop, B. (1998). Strategic marketing for the digital age. Lincolnwood, Chicago, Illinois, USA: American Marketing Association. Carvell, P. (1996). Media relations -- What can the hotel industry learn?. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 3(1), pp.81-88. Gilbert, D. and Kapur, R. (1990). Strategic marketing planning and the hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 9(1), pp.27-43. Group, H. (2015). Hilton hotels in Melbourne Australia | Melbourne hotels. [online] Hiltonmelbourne.com.au. Available at: https://www.hiltonmelbourne.com.au/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Hospitalitynet, (2015). 2015 Top Digital Marketing Trends for the Hospitality Industry [Infographic Webinar Recap]. INDUSTRY NEWS, [online] p.2. Available at: https://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4068683.html [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Hyatt.com, (2015). Hotel Reservations | Book Hotel Rooms Online - Hyatt Hotels. [online] Available at: https://www.hyatt.com/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Miller, M. (2012). B2B digital marketing. Indianapolis, Ind., USA: Que. Muller, C. (1989). Book Review: Marketing in the Hospitality Industry (2nd ed.). Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 30(1), pp.94-95. O'Connor, P. (2008). E-Mail Marketing by International Hotel Chains: An Industry-Practices Update. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 49(1), pp.42-52. Parkcentralny.com, (2015). Front. [online] Available at: https://www.parkcentralny.com/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Renaghan, L. (1981). A New Marketing Mix for the Hospitality Industry. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 22(2), pp.31-36. Ryan, D. and Jones, C. (2009). Understanding digital marketing. London: Kogan Page. Sandler, M. (1997). Marketing in the Hospitality Industry. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 38(5), pp.18-18. SIGUAW, J. and ENZ, C. (1999). Best practices in marketing. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 40(5), pp.31-3. Taylor, H. (1997). Competitive advantage in the hotel industry -- success through differentiation. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 3(2), pp.170-173. Tunehotels.com, (2015). Tune Hotels - Malaysia, Indonesia, UK, Thailand, Philippines, India, Australia, Japan. [online] Available at: https://www.tunehotels.com/in/en/ [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Wind, Y. and Mahajan, V. (2001). Digital marketing. New York: J. Wiley. www.marriott.com, (2015). Hotel Rooms | Find Your Perfect Hotel Room with Marriott. [online] Marriott.com. Available at: https://www.marriott.com/default.mi [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015].

Sikh and Punjabi free essay sample

Climate of Punjab The weather conditions at Punjab are affected by the diversified geographical conditions. The hilly terrains have a cool soothing temperature throughout the year. The weather conditions are classified in four types of climate. They are Winter, Summer, Monsoons. Summer: Summer lasts from late March to the end of the month of May. The day temperatures start rising from the middle of February. The weather conditions of around 40 degrees Celsius are normal for many places in Punjab. The temperatures are high in the interior areas. Monsoon: The monsoons are a very important season for this state. It normally arrives in June and lasts till September. The heavy rainfall during this season is vital for cultivation in the fertile land of Punjab. Tourists usually abstain to visit the state during this season. Autumn: The period from middle of September to middle of November is also a ideal time for visiting the state. The Diwali festival is normally held during this season across the country. The Tika festival is also held during this time. Language used in Punjab Punjabi  ( n  Gurmukhi  script and in  Shahmukhi  script), which can be specified as  Eastern Punjabi  to distinguish it from  Western Punjabi  spoken in  Pakistan, is an  Indo-Aryan language  spoken by inhabitants of the historicalPunjab region  (north western  India  and in  Pakistan). For  Sikhs, the Punjabi language stands as the official language in which all ceremonies take place. Even though Punjabi is the most spoken language in  Pakistan, it has no official status. Punjabi language has many different dialects, spoken in the different sub-regions of  greater Punjab. Since the  Partition of British India in 1947, the Punjabi spoken in the two countries has deviated from each other, with  Pakistanis  retaining strong on  Persian  and  Arabic  vocabulary through  Urdu, and  Indians  relying more heavily on  Sanskrit  vocabulary through  Hindi. TheMajhi dialect  is Punjabis  prestige dialect. This dialect is considered as textbook Punjabi and is spoken in the historical region of  Majha,  [6]  centralizing in  Lahore  and  Amritsar. Along with  Lahnda  and  Western Pahari  languages, Punjabi is unusual among modern Indo-European languages because it is  a tonal language. Different Art forms in Punjab GATKA (MARSHAL ART OF PUNJAB) Gatka  ( )  is a weapon-based Indian Marshal art created by the  Sikhs of the Punjab. The Punjabi word  gatka  refers to the wooden stick used in sparring matches. The term might have originated as a diminutive of the Sanskrit   word  gadha or mace. A more popular theory is that it derives from the Punjabi words  gat  and  ka. Gat means grace, liberation, and respect in ones own power, while ka means someone who belongs or is part of a group. Gatka would therefore translate as one whose freedom belongs to grace. Gatka  is an ancient martial art which has been thoroughly battle-tested and has existed in northern india for many thousands of years. It is considered to be a spiritual as well as a physical exercise. Both these aspects of the person are developed to a high level during the learning phase in this ancient art. Although it uses the sword as its primary weapon, many other weapons are available to the Gatka master. Today, this art exists exclusively amongst the Sikhs who have passed down the flamboyant techniques through generations, since their sixth Guru,  Guru Hargobind wore the two swords of Miri   (temporal, worldly) and Piri (spiritual, transcendental). The Sikhs have been responsible for the revival of this early art ensuring its survival despite mass persecution of the native population in India by foreign invaders like the Mughals and others for many hundreds of years. Gatka is a complete martial system which uses spiritual, mental and physical skills in equal portions to help one fully competent in defending themselves and others. FOLK DANCE BHANGRA GIDDHA KIKLI JHUMAR SAMMI KARTHI Folk  Dance | | | Folk-dances of the Punjab virtually hold a mirror to the characteristic Punjabi manliness, fortitude, forthrightness and gaiety. The dances are down-to-earth and devoid of all superficiality or sophistication. | | The men and women do not dance together. They form separate groups. Folk dances are generally not the same for men and women but some dances are common to both. Bhangra is the mens dance and Giddha is the womens dance. Bhangra and Giddha are the most popular folk-dances of the Punjab. | | HandicraftsPunjab has a rich tradition of its colourful handicrafts and richly embroidered hand woven textiles. Silk, woolen and cotton fabrics are used for the purpose. Phulkari work  is one of the most fascinating expressions of the Punjabi folk art. Women have developed this art at the cost of some of their very precious moments of leisure. They have always been very fond of colour and have devoted   a lot of their time to colourful embroidery and knitting. It has also been customary for parents and relatives to give hand-embroidered clothes to girls in dowry. Punjabi women were known for embroidery with supe rb imagination. Phulkari is something of which Punjab is justly proud and is also noted as the home of this embroidered and durable product. This is a kind of womens dress used a special cover to be worn over the shirt which women traditionally don. It actually formed part of the brides trousseau and was associated with various ceremonies preliminary to the wedding during which it used to be embroidered. The cloth used for making this, is generally in red or maroon colour and the thread employed in the close embroidery is made of silk in gold, yellow, crimson red, blue and green colours. The word Phulkari (embroidered flowers) is normally used for all types of embroidery but   the real Phulkari work is not that in which the motifs are properly spread. In the Phulkari work, the whole cloth is covered with close embroidery and almost no space is left uncovered. The piece of cloth thus embroidered is called baag meaning a garden. If only the sides are covered it is called chope. The back ground is generally maroon or scarlet and the silken thread used is mostly golden. Colour schemes show a rich sensitiveness. Some Phulkaris are embroidered with various motifs of birds, animals, flowers and sometimes scenes of village life. Folk music The real spirit of a folk-song rests not only in its text but also in its tune. The popular tunes of Punjabi folk-songs ring with the heart-throbs of the simple, unsophisticated villagers. These melodies, characteristic of their deeply-felt emotions are absolutely in tune with their mode of living. The rhythm and beat of Punjabi folk music is simple. The rhythmic patterns are determined by the day-to-day activities of the villagers, the sound of the grinding stone, the drone of the spinning wheel, the creaking of the Persian wheel, the beat of the horses hooves etc. These rhythms refined into symmetrical patterns form the basis of the entire folk music of the Punjab. There is a widespread variation in the tunes and melodies prevalent in the different regions of the state. The folk tunes prevalent in the east of the undivided Punjab are different from those popular in the west. In the west specially on the plains of the Sindh Sagar Doab certain folk forms like Mahiya and Dhoola were very popular. Boli is popular all over the Punjab, though the eastern mode of performing it is different from the western one. Even in one area the same song is sung differently by different groups. This element of flexibility in Punjabi folk music adds a lot of variety to it. olk dramaRam LilaNautankiPuppetryMadarisBazigars;saperasSwangNagalKheoraSports of PunjabSports in Punjab – Punjabis are fond of playing various games and they are good athletes. The heavy diet and strong built is one of the factors that help them performed better in Sports. Some of the popular games of Punjab include hide-and-seek, kite flying, and gulli-danda (a stick-game). Punjabis are also very fond of the Kabaddi which is a team wrestling game that is played by young boys and men. Other popular games for pastime are Wrestling, cock fighting, partridge fighting, pigeon flying, and gambling. Religion in Punjab| Sikhism was founded  in  the  Punjab  by Guru Nanak and is a monotheistic  religion. Sikhs think  religion  should be practiced by living  in  the world and coping with lifes everyday problems Intrinsic to the Sikh faith is the Holy Book Guru Granth Sahib. The Guru Granth  Sahib is founded on the teaching of Guru Nanak and the 9 Sikh Gurus who followed him. This book is treated with the greatest of respect and is the cornerstone of thereligion. Sikhism was born out of Hinduism and Islam which were the prevalant relgions of the time. However most Sikhs see Sikh teachings as a direct revelation from God and therefore a separate entity. Guru Nanak (1469-1539) was one of the greatest religious  innovators of all time and the founder of the Sikh  religion Sikhism is a religion, way of life and philosophy. It is the youngest of all the worlds four great monotheistic religions. A progressive religion, it was founded in the 15th Century by Guru Nanak. The word Sikh is Punjabi which mean disciple. Sikhs are disciples of the religious Sikh Gurus. Today, there are 18-20 million Sikhs in the world, followed predominantly in the Indian State of Punjab.